Monday 12 September 2016

We will happily be having sex with robots soon, according to scientists


The "sexbots" could be better than humans in bed and we could be looking at human-robot marriages by the year 2050, experts have claimed. Popularity of the machines has been rising as their realism continues to improve and soon could replace human companionship altogether.
Joel Snell, an expert in robots from Kirkwood College in Iowa, said the machines could be programmed to each individual person’s requirements.
“Because they would be programmable, sexbots would meet each individual user’s needs,” Mr Snell told the Daily Star.
“Robotic sex may become addictive. Sexbots would always be available and could never say no, so addictions would be easy to feed,” he said.


What are the Best Computer Jobs for the Future?


If you’re considering going back to school for a career in information technology, of course you want to make sure that the time and financial investment you make will pay off with a lucrative career. Read on to learn more about the ten best computer jobs, evaluated by projected growth over the next decade as well as salary. The ranking methodology of the list first takes into account number of new jobs over the next ten years as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; salary is a secondary factor, with level of education needed as a tertiary consideration. By preparing for one of these careers, you ensure that you and your family will enjoy job security that will persevere.


Discover the ten best computer jobs for the future:
  1. Mobile Application Developer

    best mobile app developer jobs
    Mobile App Developer Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsMobile application development is one of the world's fastest growing occupations. As smart phones and tablets continue to change the way we communicate, do business, and access news & entertainment, the demand for new and innovative mobile apps is growing at an incredible speed. This increased demand translates to one of the largest IT skills gaps ever realized – there are simply more mobile app development job openings than skilled application developers to fill them. Google's Android and Apple's iOS (iPhone & iPad) platforms will continue to offer the most job opportunities for mobile developers
  2. Database Administrator

    best DBA jobs
    Database Administrator Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    • 10-Year Growth Pct: 31% (much faster than avg.)†
    • 10-Year Growth Volume: 33,900 new jobs
    • Average Salary: $82,000
    • DBA Career Path ››
    Key Growth FactorsBusinesses are accumulating record amounts of digital information, spurring the need for trained and certified DBAs to store, organize, analyze and secure this data. In addition, as more databases are connected to the Internet and cloud, data security will become increasingly vital & complex; database administrators and developers - especially those with information security skills - will be hired to protect corporate databases from hackers and other security threats.
  3. Software Engineer

    Best Software Engineer Jobs
    Software Engineer Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsThe demand for software engineers will rise along with technological advancements and the proliferation of emerging network technologies. For example, increased corporate adoption of cloud and virtualization strategies will create a surge in demand for applications software engineers who can design and develop secure web-based programs. Likewise, as the sophistication and adoption of electronic data-processing systems continues to rise, the need to implement and upgrade to these new computer systems will fuel job creation for systems software engineers.
  4. Video Game Designer

    Best Video Game Designer Jobs
    Video Game Designer Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsThe $65+ billion dollar gaming industry has more than tripled in size over the last decade with no signs of slowing. Beyond the booming market for traditional console and PC games, the increased popularity, processing power and graphics capabilities of mobile devices has unlocked a new world of employment opportunities for game designers, artists and programmers. Video game designers with mobile software development expertise will be especially sought after as smart phones & tablets, such as the iPhone and iPad, continue to change how video games are accessed and played. Game designers will also benefit from growing public and private sector demand for intelligent simulation programs, e.g., military flight simulators.
  5. Network Administrator

    Network Administrator Job Growth
    Network Administrator Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsDemand for network administrators will continue to rise as organizations invest in new systems and network technologies to increase productivity and gain a competitive advantage. The rapid adoption of tablets and smartphones – and "Bring your own device" (BYOD) policies – into corporate culture means more organizations will use the Internet to conduct business online, translating to increased job opportunities for network administrators and network managers who can help businesses securely utilize these emerging technologies to communicate with employees and customers.
  6. IT Security Specialist

    IT Security Specialist career growth
    IT Security Specialist Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsSecurity will remain a top concern for IT executives and hiring managers as the frequency, scope and complexity of cyber attacks continues to escalate. IT executives interviewed in Computerworld’s 2012 IT forecast survey report actively seeking professionals with information security skills, but finding it difficult to locate good talent. This indicates an incredible opportunity for technology professionals to advance their security skills and credentials. Computer security skills in the greatest demand in 2012 and beyond include IT operations security, mobile device security, risk management, information assurance, network and cloud/virtualization security.
  7. Computer Systems Analyst

    Computer Systems Analyst career growth
    Computer Systems Analyst Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsAs organizations continue to increase their reliance on technology, computer systems analysts will be hired to architect new systems across all industries. Healthcare is a key field for systems analyst job growth, as aggressive government mandates and funding initiatives continue to drive rapid increases in electronic medical record (EMR) adoption, electronic-Rx services and other healthcare software projects that require the development of custom computer systems. The U.S. Department of Labor also predicts a 43% increase in systems analyst hiring at IT consulting firms, which translates to a huge amount of freelance and contract employment opportunities.
  8. Web Developer

    Best Web Developer Jobs
    Web Developer Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsEach year, a record number of businesses bring their offerings to the Internet. As the number of products and services available online continues to grow, web developers and designers will enjoy increased job opportunities. Proliferation of social media, social networking and other Web 2.0 communities will boost demand for web developers as businesses look to engage a new generation of customers and spur a competitive advantage in these rapidly growing platforms.
  9. Health Information Technician

    Best Health Information Technician Jobs
    Health Information Technician Employment Proj. | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsHealth care will produce more new computer jobs from 2012 through 2020 than any other single industry. Aggressive government mandates and funding incentives for hospitals and private health practices to adopt centralized electronic medical record (EMR) systems, is driving unprecedented hiring of health information technicians who are trained & certified in these new technologies. Health information technicians earn the lowest starting salary on this list, however the required education is the quickest (typically a 2-year degree program in Health IT), plus candidates learning now will be well-positioned for lucrative management positions as the health IT job market continues its rapid expansion.
  10. Technology Manager

    Best IT Manager Jobs
    Technology Manager Employment Projections | 2010 - 2020

    Key Growth FactorsJob growth for information technology managers is directly tied to the growth rates of the IT workers they supervise. Record-breaking growth in a wide range of technical career fields – including networking, mobile development, software engineering, databases and virtualization – will continue from 2013 through 2020 and beyond, in turn fueling demand for talented IT managers. Additional growth will be driven by increased focus on information security and the hiring of additional IT security personnel.



Sunday 11 September 2016

Do you want to Use your Home/Office Computer from Any Where you are?


To connect to a remote computer, that computer must be turned on, it must have a network connection, Remote Desktop must be enabled, you must have network access to the remote computer (this could be through the Internet), and you must have permission to connect. For permission to connect, you must be on the list of users. Before you start a connection, it's a good idea to look up the name of the computer you're connecting to and to make sure Remote Desktop connections are allowed through its firewall.

If you're user account doesn't require a password to sign in, you'll need to add a password before you're allowed to start a connection with a remote computer.
 
 
 

To allow remote connections on the computer you want to connect to

  1. Open System by clicking the Start button
    Start button icon
    , right-clicking Computer, and then clicking Properties.
  2. Click Remote settings.
    Administrator permission required
     If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. Under Remote Desktop, select one of the three options.
  3. Click Select Users.

    If you're an administrator on the computer, your current user account will automatically be added to the list of remote users and you can skip the next two steps.
  4. In the Remote Desktop Users dialog box, click Add.
  5. In the Select Users or Groups dialog box, do the following:
    1. To specify the search location, click Locations, and then select the location you want to search.
    2. In Enter the object names to select, type the name of the user that you want to add, and then click OK.
    3. The name will be displayed in the list of users in the Remote Desktop Users dialog box. Click OK, and then click OK again.

To look up the computer name of the remote computer

  1. On the remote computer, open System by clicking the Start button
    Start button icon
    , right-clicking Computer, and then clicking Properties.
  2. Under Computer name, domain, and workgroup settings, you can find your computer name, and its full computer name if your computer is on a domain.

To allow Remote Desktop connections through a Windows Firewall

If you're having trouble connecting, Remote Desktop connections might be getting blocked by the firewall. Here's how to change that setting on a Windows PC. If you're using another firewall, make sure the port for Remote Desktop (usually 3389) is open.
  1. On the remote computer, click Start and select Control Panel.
  2. Click System and Security.
  3. Click Allow a program through Windows Firewall under Windows Firewall.
  4. Click Change settings and then check the box next to Remote Desktop.
  5. Click OK to save the changes.

To set a password for your user account

Your user account must have a password before you can use Remote Desktop to connect to another computer.
  1. Click Start and select Control Panel.
  2. Double-click User Accounts.
  3. Select Change your Windows Password under User Accounts.
  4. Click Create a password for your account and follow the instructions on the screen.

To start Remote Desktop on the computer you want to work from

  1. Open Remote Desktop Connection by clicking the Start button
    Start button icon
    . In the search box, type Remote Desktop Connection, and then, in the list of results, click Remote Desktop Connection.
  2. In the Computer box, type the name of the computer that you want to connect to, and then click Connect. (You can also type the IP address instead of the computer name.)

Thursday 8 September 2016

Download Windows Password Reset CD Free


Human being are not perfect a by means, One can forget many things in her/his daily life. But the Most is When you have forgotten  you Computer Password, What happen when you forgot a Window password?  Well Don't worry Download the Windows Password Reset CD Free to Fix your Problem
http://getintopc.com/softwares/operating-systems/windows-password-reset-recovery-disk-free-download/


Tuesday 30 August 2016

Download Free Online Games and Install into your Device

Download and Install with Low Size Capacity (KB) and Play over 3000 free online games! Including Action games,arcade games, puzzle games, funny games, sports games, shooting games, and more!

Click below to start Select you game Category and Download  
http://www.gametop.com/

Do you Charge your SmartPhone Over Night? Here's why you shouldn't charge your smartphone overnight


Chances are, you plug in your phone before you go to bed at night, thinking it's best to greet the morning with a fully charged device. Is this a good idea? That depends. Here's the thing.

Many people don't expect to keep their phones for much longer than two years. For the most part, experts say, those people are not going to notice much damage to their phone batteries before they start hankering for a new device.

If that sounds like you, feel free to charge every night, and as often as you like in between.

But frequent charging takes a toll on the lithium-ion batteries in our phones. And it's not because they can be overcharged, said Edo Campos, a spokesman for Anker, which produces phone chargers. "Smartphones are, in fact, smart," Campos said. "They know when to stop charging."

Android phones and iPhones are equipped with chips that protect them from absorbing excess electrical current once they are fully charged. So in theory, any damage from charging your phone overnight with an official charger, or a trustworthy off-brand charger, should be negligible. But the act of charging is itself bad for your phone's battery.

How to FIX "WhatsApp is Denied to Read Contacts"


A friend of me personally known telling me that his WhatsApp cant read his contacts, at first i thought that his contacts was hidden from his phonebook but i find out that its OK, i also check “Show hidden contacts” in WhatsApp but that didn’t work out and i just re-install it still nothing change, then i finally apply the below tips and it work perfectly. 


This means WhatsApp is not enabled on your Phone`s contacts privacy. You simply need to enable it to remove that error.

 1. Open your settings.
 2. Tap Privacy.
 3. Select Contacts.
 4. Turn on Whatsapp. 



Monday 29 August 2016

Do you Want to Make your Video Clip as a Profile Picture on Facebook? Very Easy,..

 Watch this Videos For Easy Way.....




Here’s how to set up yours:
  1. Open up your Facebook app on iOS.
  2. Go to your profile page and tap your profile picture.
  3. Select “Take a New Profile Video” or “Upload Video or Photo.” If you don’t see those options, the update hasn’t rolled out to you yet and will say “Coming Soon.”
  4. Select or record your video (the length is limited to seven seconds). 


    Sunday 28 August 2016

    CMD Tutorials........A-Z Index of the Windows CMD command line

    List of DOS commands;

    Command Prompt is a command line interpreter application available in most Windows operating systems.
    Command Prompt is used to execute entered commands. Most of those commands are used to automate tasks via scripts and batch files, perform advanced administrative functions, and troubleshoot and solve certain kinds of Windows issues.
    Command Prompt is officially called Windows Command Processor but is also sometimes called the command shell or by its filename cmd.exe.
    Note: Command Prompt is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "the DOS prompt" or as MS-DOS itself. Command Prompt is a Windows program that emulates many of the command line abilities available in MS-DOS but it is not actually MS-DOS.

    How To Access Command Prompt

    Command Prompt can be accessed via the Command Prompt shortcut located in the Start Menu or on the Apps screen, depending on what version of Windows you have.


     ADDUSERS Add or list users to/from a CSV file
    ADmodcmd Active Directory Bulk Modify
    ARP Address Resolution Protocol
    ASSOC Change file extension associations•
    ASSOCIAT One step file association
    AT Schedule a command to run at a specific time
    ATTRIB Change file attributes
    b
    BCDBOOT Create or repair a system partition
    BCDEDIT Manage Boot Configuration Data
    BITSADMIN Background Intelligent Transfer Service
    BOOTCFG Edit Windows boot settings
    BROWSTAT Get domain, browser and PDC info
    c
    CACLS Change file permissions
    CALL Call one batch program from another•
    CERTREQ Request certificate from a certification authority
    CERTUTIL Utility for certification authority (CA) files and services
    CD Change Directory - move to a specific Folder•
    CHANGE Change Terminal Server Session properties
    CHKDSK Check Disk - check and repair disk problems
    CHKNTFS Check the NTFS file system
    CHOICE Accept keyboard input to a batch file
    CIPHER Encrypt or Decrypt files/folders
    CleanMgr Automated cleanup of Temp files, recycle bin
    CLIP Copy STDIN to the Windows clipboard
    CLS Clear the screen•
    CMD Start a new CMD shell
    CMDKEY Manage stored usernames/passwords
    COLOR Change colors of the CMD window•
    COMP Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
    COMPACT Compress files or folders on an NTFS partition
    COMPRESS Compress one or more files
    CONVERT Convert a FAT drive to NTFS
    COPY Copy one or more files to another location•
    Coreinfo Show the mapping between logical & physical processors
    CSCcmd Client-side caching (Offline Files)
    CSVDE Import or Export Active Directory data
    d
    DATE Display or set the date•
    DEFRAG Defragment hard drive
    DEL Delete one or more files•
    DELPROF Delete user profiles
    DELTREE Delete a folder and all subfolders
    DevCon Device Manager Command Line Utility
    DIR Display a list of files and folders•
    DIRQUOTA File Server Resource Manager Disk quotas
    DIRUSE Display disk usage
    DISKPART Disk Administration
    DISKSHADOW Volume Shadow Copy Service
    DISKUSE Show the space used in folders
    DOSKEY Edit command line, recall commands, and create macros
    DriverQuery Display installed device drivers
    DSACLs Active Directory ACLs
    DSAdd Add items to active directory (user group computer)
    DSGet View items in active directory (user group computer)
    DSQuery Search for items in active directory (user group computer)
    DSMod Modify items in active directory (user group computer)
    DSMove Move an Active directory Object
    DSRM Remove items from Active Directory
    Dsmgmt Directory Service Management
    e
    ECHO Display message on screen•
    ENDLOCAL End localisation of environment changes in a batch file•
    ERASE Delete one or more files•
    EVENTCREATE Add a message to the Windows event log
    EXIT Quit the current script/routine and set an errorlevel•
    EXPAND Uncompress CAB files
    EXPLORER Open Windows Explorer
    EXTRACT Uncompress CAB files
    f
    FC Compare two files
    FIND Search for a text string in a file
    FINDSTR Search for strings in files
    FOR /F Loop command: against a set of files•
    FOR /F Loop command: against the results of another command•
    FOR Loop command: all options Files, Directory, List•
    FORFILES Batch process multiple files
    FORMAT Format a disk
    FREEDISK Check free disk space
    FSUTIL File and Volume utilities
    FTP File Transfer Protocol
    FTYPE File extension file type associations•
    g
    GETMAC Display the Media Access Control (MAC) address
    GOTO Direct a batch program to jump to a labelled line•
    GPRESULT Display Resultant Set of Policy information
    GPUPDATE Update Group Policy settings
    h
    HELP Online Help
    HOSTNAME Display the host name of the computer
    i
    iCACLS Change file and folder permissions
    IEXPRESS Create a self extracting ZIP file archive
    IF Conditionally perform a command•
    IFMEMBER Is the current user a member of a group
    IPCONFIG Configure IP
    INUSE Replace files that are in use by the OS
    l
    LABEL Edit a disk label
    LODCTR Load PerfMon performance counters
    LOGMAN Manage Performance Monitor logs
    LOGOFF Log a user off
    LOGTIME Log the date and time in a file
    m
    MAKECAB Create .CAB files
    MAPISEND Send email from the command line
    MBSAcli Baseline Security Analyzer
    MEM Display memory usage
    MD Create new folders•
    MKLINK Create a symbolic link (linkd) •
    MODE Configure a system device COM/LPT/CON
    MORE Display output, one screen at a time
    MOUNTVOL Manage a volume mount point
    MOVE Move files from one folder to another•
    MOVEUSER Move a user from one domain to another
    MSG Send a message
    MSIEXEC Microsoft Windows Installer
    MSINFO32 System Information
    MSTSC Terminal Server Connection (Remote Desktop Protocol)
    n
    NET Manage network resources
    NETDOM Domain Manager
    NETSH Configure Network Interfaces, Windows Firewall & Remote access
    NBTSTAT Display networking statistics (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
    NETSTAT Display networking statistics (TCP/IP)
    NLSINFO Display locale information (reskit).
    NLTEST Network Location Test (AD)
    NOW Display the current Date and Time
    NSLOOKUP Name server lookup
    NTBACKUP Backup folders to tape
    NTDSUtil Active Directory Domain Services management
    NTRIGHTS Edit user account rights
    NVSPBIND Modify network bindings
    o
    OPENFILES Query or display open files
    p
    PATH Display or set a search path for executable files•
    PATHPING Trace route plus network latency and packet loss
    PAUSE Suspend processing of a batch file and display a message•
    PERMS Show permissions for a user
    PERFMON Performance Monitor
    PING Test a network connection
    POPD Return to a previous directory saved by PUSHD•
    PORTQRY Display the status of ports and services
    POWERCFG Configure power settings
    PRINT Print a text file
    PRINTBRM Print queue Backup/Recovery
    PRNCNFG Configure or rename a printer
    PRNMNGR Add, delete, list printers and printer connections
    ProcDump Monitor an application for CPU spikes
    PROMPT Change the command prompt•
    PsExec Execute process remotely
    PsFile Show files opened remotely
    PsGetSid Display the SID of a computer or a user
    PsInfo List information about a system
    PsKill Kill processes by name or process ID
    PsList List detailed information about processes
    PsLoggedOn Who's logged on (locally or via resource sharing)
    PsLogList Event log records
    PsPasswd Change account password
    PsPing Measure network performance
    PsService View and control services
    PsShutdown Shutdown or reboot a computer
    PsSuspend Suspend processes
    PUSHD Save and then change the current directory•
    q
    QGREP Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
    Query Process / QPROCESS Display processes
    Query Session / QWinsta Display all sessions (TS/Remote Desktop)
    Query TermServer /QAppSrv List all servers (TS/Remote Desktop)
    Query User / QUSER Display user sessions (TS/Remote Desktop)
    r
    RASDIAL Manage RAS connections
    RASPHONE Manage RAS connections
    RECOVER Recover a damaged file from a defective disk
    REG Registry: Read, Set, Export, Delete keys and values
    REGEDIT Import or export registry settings
    REGSVR32 Register or unregister a DLL
    REGINI Change Registry Permissions
    REM Record comments (remarks) in a batch file•
    REN Rename a file or files•
    REPLACE Replace or update one file with another
    Reset Session Delete a Remote Desktop Session
    RD Delete folder(s)•
    RMTSHARE Share a folder or a printer
    ROBOCOPY Robust File and Folder Copy
    ROUTE Manipulate network routing tables
    RUN Start | RUN commands
    RUNAS Execute a program under a different user account
    RUNDLL32 Run a DLL command (add/remove print connections)

    s
    SC Service Control
    SCHTASKS Schedule a command to run at a specific time
    SET Display, set, or remove session environment variables•
    SETLOCAL Control the visibility of environment variables•
    SetSPN Edit Service Principal Names
    SETX Set environment variables
    SFC System File Checker
    SHARE List or edit a file share or print share
    ShellRunAs Run a command under a different user account
    SHIFT Shift the position of batch file parameters•
    SHORTCUT Create a windows shortcut (.LNK file)
    SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer
    SLEEP Wait for x seconds
    SLMGR Software Licensing Management (Vista/2008)
    SORT Sort input
    START Start a program, command or batch file•
    STRINGS Search for ANSI and UNICODE strings in binary files
    SUBINACL Edit file and folder Permissions, Ownership and Domain
    SUBST Associate a path with a drive letter
    SYSMON Monitor and log system activity to the Windows event log
    SYSTEMINFO List system configuration
    t
    TAKEOWN Take ownership of a file
    TASKLIST List running applications and services
    TASKKILL End a running process
    TELNET Communicate with another host using the TELNET protocol
    TIME Display or set the system time•
    TIMEOUT Delay processing of a batch file
    TITLE Set the window title for a CMD.EXE session•
    TLIST Task list with full path
    TOUCH Change file timestamps
    TRACERT Trace route to a remote host
    TREE Graphical display of folder structure
    TSDISCON Disconnect a Remote Desktop Session
    TSKILL End a running process
    TSSHUTDN Remotely shut down or reboot a terminal server
    TYPE Display the contents of a text file•
    TypePerf Write performance data to a log file
    TZUTIL Time Zone Utility
    v
    VER Display version information•
    VERIFY Verify that files have been saved•
    VOL Display a disk label•
    w
    W32TM Time Service
    WAITFOR Wait for or send a signal
    WEVTUTIL Clear event logs, enable/disable/query logs
    WHERE Locate and display files in a directory tree
    WHOAMI Output the current UserName and domain
    WINDIFF Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
    WINRM Windows Remote Management
    WINRS Windows Remote Shell
    WMIC WMI Commands
    WUAUCLT Windows Update
    x
    XCACLS Change file and folder permissions
    XCOPY Copy files and folders
    :: Comment / Remark•

    How to FIX Laptop Cursor won't move/Stuck

    Press and hold the "Fn" key on the laptop keyboard; on most laptops, it is located between the "Ctrl" and "Alt" keys. Press the "F9" key once, then release the "Fn" key. This keyboard shortcut is used to disable or enable the touchpad software. Test the mouse touchpad to see if the cursor responds.

    Saturday 27 August 2016

    How to Configure Router/ Set Up Router



    A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze and move incoming packets to another network. It may also be used to convert the packets to another network interface, drop them, and perform other actions relating to a network. The picture shows the Linksys BEFSR11 wireless router and is what many home routers resemble.

    A router has a lot more capabilities than other network devices, such as a hub or a switch that are only able to perform basic network functions. For example, a hub is often used to transfer data between computers or network devices, but does not analyze or do anything with the data it is transferring. By contrast, routers can analyze the data being sent over a network, change how it is packaged, and send it to another network or over a different network. For example, routers are commonly used in home networks to share a single Internet connection between multiple computers.


    What's the Different between Router and Modem?

    Friday 26 August 2016


    EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

    What is Computer? A Computer is a Device which can perform Arithmetic and Logic operations according to the given set of instructions. Modern Computers are generally electronic, earlier they were Mechanical and later Electro-mechanical. Let’s take a look at the journey of a computer from a mechanical abacus to present day ultra fast computers.

    The First Computer

    Around 3000 B.C. The Mesopotamians unknowingly laid the foundation of computer era. They invented the earliest form of Bead-&-Wire counting machine known as Abacus. The Chinese improved above the Abacus so that they can calculate fast.
    Evolution of Computers _ 1
    Aztec version of an abacus, circa 900-1000 A.D., is made from maize (corn) threaded through strings mounted in a wooden frame. There are Japanese and Russian versions of the abacus and several modern “improved” versions.

    Napier ‘Logs’ & ‘Bones’

    John Napier (1550-1617) developed the idea of logarithms. He used logs to transform multiplication problem to addition problem. Napier’s logs later became the basis for a well-known invention, The Computation Machine Known as Slide-Rule (Invented in 1662) Napier also devices set of numbering rods known as ‘Napier’s Bones’. He could perform both multiplication and division using these ‘Bones’.
    Evolution of Computers _ 2.5

    Pascal’s adding Machine

    Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician, invented a Machine in 1662 made up of gears which was used for adding numbers quickly. This machine was known as Adding Machine (also known as Pascaline) and was capable of addition and subtraction. In worked on clockwork mechanism principle. The Adding Machine consisted of numerous toothed wheels having unique position value. The rotation wheels controlled the Addition and Subtraction operation. This Machine was capable carry-transfer automatically.
    Evolution of Computers _ 4

    Leibnitz Calculator

    Gottfried Leibnitz a German Mathematician, improved the adding Machine and constructed a new machine in 1671 that was able to perform multiplication and division as well. This Machine performed multiplication through repeated addition of numbers. Leibnitz’s machine used stepped cylinder each with nine teeth of varying lengths instead of wheels as was used by Pascal.
    Evolution of Computers _ 5

    Jacquard’s Loom

    Joseph Jacquard manufactured punched cards at the end of American Revolution and used them to control looms in 1801. Thus the entire control weaving process was automatic. The entire operation was under a program’s control. With the historic invention of punched cards, the era of Storing and Retrieving information started that greatly influenced the later invention and advancements. (see Hollerith’s Machine below)

    Babbage’s Difference Engine

    Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics, developed a machine called Difference engine in the year 1882. This machine was expected to calculate logarithmic tables to high degree of precision. The difference engine was made to calculate various mathematical functions. The machine was capable of polynomial evolution by finite difference and its operation was automatic multi stop operation.
     Evolution of Computers _ 6

    Babbage’s Analytical Engine

    In 1833, Charles Babbage started designing an analytical engine which was to become a real ancestor of modern day computer. With the methodical design of his analytical engine, Babbage meticulously established the basic principles on which today’s computer work. The Analytical Engine was capable to perform all four arithmetic operation as well as comparison, it had a number of features starting to those which are in today’s computer. He included the concept of central processor, Memory, Storage Area and Input/output Devices in his design. The Two revolutionary innovation incorporated in analytical Engine where comparisons and modifications of stored information. The first innovation enabled the machine to compare quantities and then decide which of the Instruction sequence to be followed. The second permitted the result of calculation to change numbers and instructions already stored in machine. Owing to the lack of technology of the time, the Analytical engine was never built. Its Design remained conceptual. His great inventions of Difference Engine and Analytical Engine earned Charles Babbage the title “FATHER OF MODERN COMPUTERS”-a fitting Tribute to him.
    Evolution of Computers _ 7

    Hollerith’s Machine

    In 1887, an American named Herman Hollerith (1869-1926) fabricated what was dreamt of by Charles Babbage. He fabricated the first electro-mechanical Punched-card tabulator that used punched-cards for input, output and instructions. This machine was used by American department of census to compile their 1880 census data and were able to complete compilation in 3 years which earlier used to take around 10 years.
    Evolution of Computers _ 8

    MARK-I

    Professor Howard Aiken (1900-1973) in U.S constructed in 1943 an electromechanical computer named “MARK-I” which could multiply two 10 digit numbers in 5 second-a record at that time. MARK-I was the first machine which could perform according to pre-programed instructions automatically without any manual interface. This was the first operational general purpose computer.
     Evolution of Computers _ 9

    MODERN COMPUTERS

    The term “Computer generation” is often used in relation to the hardware of computers. Each phase of computer development is known as a separate generation of computer. Each phase of development is characterized by type of switching circuits it utilizes.
    Most computers today use the idea of “Stored Program Computer” that was proposed by Professor John Von Neumann in 1945. The von Neumann architecture is based on three key concepts:-
    1)      Data and instructions (program) are stored in single read-write memory.
    2)      The memory contents are addressable by locations.
    3)      Execution takes place in sequential fashion i.e.: from one instruction to the next unless modified explicitly.

    THE FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

    The first generation computers used the thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and machine language was used for giving instructions. The first generation computers used the concept of “Stored program” The computers of this generations were very large in size and their programming was a difficult task. Here are some examples:-

    ENIAC

    This was the first electronic computer developed in 1946 by a team lead by Professor Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania in U.S.A. This computer was called Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC), which used high speed vacuum tube switching devices. It had a very small memory and it was used for calculating the trajectories of missiles. It took 200 microseconds for addition and about 2800 microseconds for multiplications for multiplication. The giant machine was 30×50 feet long and weighed about 30 tons, contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6000 switches, used 150,000 watts of electricity and costs $400,000. When ENIAC was built, it was 5000 times faster than the closest competitor The Howard MARK-I.
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    EDVAC

    The Binary Arithmetic was used in the construction of computer called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), completed in 1950. The Von Neumann concept of “stored program” was also applied in EDVAC. With this, the operation become faster since the computer can rapidly access both the program and data.
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    EDSAC

    The EDSAC, short for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer was built by Professor M.V.Wilkes at Cambridge University in 1949 and used mercury delayed lines for storage. It also used the Von Neumann concept of “Stored Program”. This allowed easy implementation of program loops.
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    UNIVAC-I

    Commercial production of stored program electronic computer began in early 50’s. One such computer was UNIVAC-I built by UNIVAC division of Remington Rand and delivered in 1951. This computer also used vacuum tubes. UNIVAC stands for (Universal Automatic Computers).
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    Initial application of computers those days were in science and engineering but with the advent of UNIVAC-I, the prospects of commercial applications were perceived.
    Though the first generation computers were welcomed by the government and Universities as they greatly helped them in these tasks, however, the first generation computers suffered from great limitations like slow speed, restricted computing capacity, high power consumption, short mean time between failures, large size and limited programming capabilities.
    Further Researches are done to remove these limitations and the Second Generation computers developed.

    THE SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

    The revolution in electronics too place with the invention of “Transistors” by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley in 1946. Transistors were highly reliable as compared to Tubes. They occupied very less space and required only 1/10th of the power required by the tubes and they were 10 times cheaper than Tubes.
    Another Major event was the invention of Magnetic cores for storage. These were tiny ferrite rings (0.02 inch diameter) that could be magnetized either clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The two direction represented 0 and 1. Magnetic cores were used to create large Random Access Memories (RAM).
    The second generation computers began with the advent of transistorized circuitry, invention of magnetic cores and development of magnetic disk storage devices. These new development made the computers much more reliable.
    The increased reliability and availability of large memories paved the way for the development of HLLs (High Level Languages) such as FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL etc. With speedy CPUs and advent of magnetic tape and disk storage, Operating systems came into being. Batch operating system rules the Second Generation Computers.
    Commercial applications rapidly developed during this period and more than 80% of these computers were used in Business and industries in the application like Payroll, Inventory control, Marketing, Production, planning etc.
    Here are some Second Generation Computers:-

    IBM 1401

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    IBM 7094

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    It is a Small-Medium sized computer

    RCA 501

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    It is a Medium sized computer, you can see magnetic tapes were used to store data.

    UNIVAC 1108

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    It is a large sized computer which occupies a large room, it was the fastest at that time, it uses a CRT screen for display and Magnetic tape to store programs.

    THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS

    The third generation computers replaces transistors with integrated circuits popularly known as “Chips”. The Integrated Circuit or IC was invented by Jack Kilby at Texas instruments 1958.
    An IC is a wafer of thin slice of extremely purified silicon crystals. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry encapsulated in a small capsule with many leads.
    Frim Small Scale Integrated Circuits (SSI) which had about 10 transistors per chip, technology to Medium Scale Integrated circuits (MSI) with about 100 transistors per chip. The size of main memory reached about 4 Mega Bytes. Magnetic disk technology also developed and become feasible to have drive having capacity up to 100 MBs. The CPUs become much more powerful with the capacity of carrying out 1 million instructions per second (MIPS).
    The third generation computers using integrated circuits proved to be highly reliable, relatively inexpensive and faster. Less human labour was required at assembly stage. Examples of some main- frame computers developed during this generation are:-
    IBM 360 series, IBM 370/168,  ICL 1900 series, ICL 2900, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell 6000 series.

    IBM 360

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    A Honeywell 6000 Series Computer

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    Some mini computers during this phase are ICL-2903 manufactured by International Computers Limited. CDC 1700 manufactured by Control Data Corporations. And PDP-11/45 (Personal data processor 11/45)
    Computers these days found place in other areas also like education, survey, small business, estimation, analysis etc along with their previous are interest Engineering and Scientific.

    THE FORTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

    The advent of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of fourth generation computers. Medium scale integrated circuits (MSI) yielded to Large and vary large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) packing about 50000 transistors in a chip. Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The emergence of the Microprocessor (CPU on a single chip) led to the emergence of an Extremely powerful Personal Computer. Computer costs came down so rapidly that these found places at most offices and then homes. The faster accessing and processing speeds and increased memory capacity helped in development of much more powerful Operating Systems.
    The second decade (around 1985) of fourth generation observed a great increase in the speed of microprocessor and size of main memory. The speed of microprocessor and speed of main memory and Hard Disk went up by a factor 4 every 3 years. Most of the Main-Frame CPU features became part of Microprocessor architecture in 90s.
    In 1995, the most popular CPU was Pentium, Power PC etc. Also RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) microprocessor are preferred in powerful servers for numeric computing and file services.
    The Hard disks are also available of the sizes up to 80 Giga Bytes. For large Disks Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) Technology gives storage up to hundreds of GBs. The CD-ROM (Compact Disks- read Only Memory) becoming popular day by day.
    The computer network came of age and are one of the most popular ways of interacting with computer chains of million users. The computers are being applied in various areas like simulation, visualization, parallel computing, virtual reality, multimedia etc.
    In this generation Micro Computers of Apple and IBM developed, Portable computers came into existence.

    World’s First Portable Computer by IBM (The IBM 5100)(September 1975)

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    TOSHIBA T 1100

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    THE FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

    The fifth generation computing devices are based on artificial intelligence and are still in development, though there are features like voice recognition, face recognition, finger print recognition, gesture recognition etc. are being used today. Applications like 6th sense technology are still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductor is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and nanotechnology will radically changing the face of computers in years. The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices hat respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. The key developments of fifth generation computers are summed up as :- ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrations), scalable parallel computers, workstation clusters, Intranet, Internet, WWW, Micro-kernels, Portable software and hardware platforms etc.
    The most noticeable characteristic of 5th gen computers is the ability to apply previously gained knowledge, draw conclusions and then execute a task, The computer in short simulate the human ability in reason.
    Computers will have to be able to classify information, search large database rapidly. Input devices become highly advanced.
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    Every gadget you see today is a 5th generation computer ie:- Your Laptops, Mobile phones, Tablets, Videogame consoles, Smart watches, Digital cameras and even some High-Tech pens. The fifth generation computers have Huge memories which ranges in Terabytes and even more. Secondary storage devices are becoming denser, earlier a compact disk (CD) was able to store about 100-200 MBs, now DVDs(Digital Versatile Disks) and Blu-Ray Disks of same size Stores data about 4 GB to 17 GB and some can store even 50 GB to 100 GB. With the developing technology HVDs(Holographic Versatile Disk) can store data up to 6 Terabytes.
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    DELL XPS Convertible PC
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    MacBook Air
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    Video Game Consoles
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    Some Historical Quotes on Computers:-
    “I think there is a world market for maybe 5 computers”
    -Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943

    “It would appear that we have reached the limits of what it is possible to achieve with computer technology, although one should be careful with such statements as they tend to sound pretty silly in 5 years”
    -John Von Neumann, 1949.

    “Computers in future may not weight more than 1.5 ton”
    -Popular mechanics, 1949

    “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home”
    -Ken Olsen, DEC, 1977